Graduate Courses
The following courses are offered by the Philosophy Department. For the most up-to-date list refer to the University of Arizona Academic Catalog
PHIL 500 -- Special Topics in Philosophy (3 units)
Description: Topic varies according to the research interests and specialization of the instructor. Graduate-level requirements require more depth and breadth with more extensive reading assignments.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Identical to: LAW 500.
May be convened with: PHIL 400.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 501A -- Symbolic Logic (3 units)
Description: Intermediate propositional logic and quantificational theory, natural deduction, axiom systems, elementary metatheorems, introduction to notions of modal logic, selected topics in philosophy of logic. Credit allowed for only one of these courses: PHIL 401A, PHIL 402. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: MATH 501A, C SC 501A.
May be convened with: PHIL 401A.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 501B -- Symbolic Logic (3 units)
Description: Advanced propositional logic and quantification theory; metatheorems on consistency, independence, and completeness; set theory, number theory, and modal theory; recursive function theory and Goedel's incompleteness theorem. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: MATH 501B, C SC 501B.
May be convened with: PHIL 401B.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 502 -- Mathematical Logic (3 units)
Description: [Taught Fall semester in odd-numbered years] Sentential calculus, predicate calculus; consistency, independence, completeness, and the decision problem. Designed to be of interest to majors in mathematics or philosophy. Graduate-level requirements include more extensive problem sets or advanced projects.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: MATH 502; MATH is home department.
May be convened with: PHIL 402.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 503 -- Foundations of Mathematics (3 units)
Description: [Taught Spring semester in even-numbered years] Topics in set theory such as functions, relations, transfinite induction and recursion, cardinal and ordinal arithmetic; related topics such as axiomatic systems, the development of the real number system, recursive functions and philosophy of Mathematics. Graduate-level requirements include more extensive problem sets or advanced projects.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: MATH 503; MATH is home department.
May be convened with: PHIL 403.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 510A -- History of Moral and Political Philosophy (3 units)
Description: Reading and analysis of selected texts from the Greeks to the present. Course focuses on the history of moral philosophy. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 410A.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 510B -- History of Moral and Political Philosophy (3 units)
Description: Reading and analysis of selected texts from the Greeks to the present. Course focuses on the history of social and political philosophy. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 410B.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 512 -- Readings in Greek Philosophy (3 units)
Description: Extensive readings in Greek in one of the following areas of Greek philosophy: the pre-Socratics, Plato's ethic and epistemology, Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. Graduate-level requirements extensive reading and an in-depth paper.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s): 3 units of 400-level Greek.
May be repeated: for a total of 6 units of credit.
Identical to: GRK 512.
May be convened with: PHIL 412.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 516 -- Philosophy of Mathematics (3 units)
Description: Problems at the foundations of geometry and set theory. Logicism, formalism, and intuitionism. Nominalism vs. realism. Epistemology of mathematics. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 416.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 520 -- Philosophy of Science (3 units)
Description: Problems arising from reflection on the sciences. Topics may include explanation, structure and evaluation of theories, experimental knowledge, scientific realism, the place of philosophy in science studies. Graduate-level requirements include attending an additional class meeting once every two weeks with additional reading and a 15-30 page term paper.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 420.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 521 -- Philosophy of the Biological Sciences (3 units)
Description: Laws and models in biology, structure of evolutionary theory, teleological explanations, reductionism, sociobiology. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: ECOL 521.
May be convened with: PHIL 421.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 522 -- Lexical Semantics (3 units)
Description: Study of word and sentence meaning, relationship between the lexicon and the grammar, idioms, metaphor, etymology, and change of meaning.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Prerequisite(s): one course in linguistics.
Identical to: LING 522; LING is home department.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 526 -- Philosophy of the Physical Sciences (3 units)
Description: Philosophical problems of space, time, and motion. Topics may include the nature of geometrical knowledge, the philosophical impact of relativity theory, absolute versus relative conceptions of space and time.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 426.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 527 -- Philosophy of the Physical Sciences (3 units)
Description: Theories and models. Measurement, experimentation, testing hypothesis. Philosophical problems concerning explanation, causation, and law of nature. Philosophical problems raised by quantum mechanics and/or other physical theories. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 427.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 530A -- Ethical Theory (3 units)
Description: Meta-ethics-meaning of moral terms, relativism, subjectivism, ethics and science, social contract theory. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 430A.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 530B -- Ethical Theory (3 units)
Description: Normative ethics-Utilitarianism, egoism, rights, natural law, justice, deontological duties, blameworthiness and excuses. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 430B.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 532 -- Psychology of Language (3 units)
Description: Introduction to language processing. The psychological processes involved in the comprehension and production of sounds, words, and sentences. Other topics may include language breakdown and acquisition, brain and language, and bilingual processing. Graduate-level requirements include more extensive readings and writing.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: LING 532; LING is home department.
May be convened with: PHIL 432.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 533 -- Aesthetics (3 units)
Description: Classical and contemporary theories of art; the aesthetic experience, form and content, meaning, problems in interpretation and criticism of works of art. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 433.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 534 -- Social and Political Philosophy (3 units)
Description: Fundamental concepts of politics; leading social and political theories, such as anarchism, social contract, Marxism. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 434.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 535 -- Decision Theory (3 units)
Description: We must often make decisions when the consequences of our actions are uncertain. It can even be argued that all of our everyday decisions are of this sort. Decision theory is concerned with how to make rational decisions in the face of such uncertainty. Graduate-level requirement includes a 10-12 page paper in addition to the midterm and final.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 435.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 538A -- Philosophy of Law (3 units)
Description: Nature and validity of law; law and morality, judicial reasoning, law and liberty. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: POL 538A.
May be convened with: PHIL 438A.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 540 -- Metaphysics (3 units)
Description: Topics include free will and determinism; causation; personal identity; necessity and essence; truth, realism and ontology. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research project on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 440.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 541 -- Theory of Knowledge (3 units)
Description: Critical examination of some of the major problems concerning evidence, justification, knowledge, memory, perception and induction. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 441.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 542 -- Knowledge and Cognition (3 units)
Description: Issues in philosophy and psychology of knowledge, with emphasis on cognitive mechanisms. Perception, memory, concepts, mental representation, problem-solving, reasoning and rationality. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 545 -- Neural Network Models (3 units)
Description: Hands-on introduction to artificial neural networks. The basic principles and tools required to develop neural models, and/or to effectively apply technology. Graduate-level requirements include a more substantial modeling project.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: PSYC 545; PSYC is home department.
May be convened with: PHIL 445.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 550 -- Philosophy of Mind (3 units)
Description: Topics include the nature of mental states; the relation between mind and brain; and analysis of perception, emotion, memory and action. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 450.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 551 -- Philosophy and Psychology (3 units)
Description: Investigation of philosophical issues arising from current work in psychology including perception, reasoning, memory, motivation and action. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: PSYC 551.
May be convened with: PHIL 451.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 555 -- Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence (3 units)
Description: Interdisciplinary problems lying at the interface of philosophy and artificial intelligence. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: PSYC 555, C SC 555.
May be convened with: PHIL 455.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 563 -- Philosophy of Language (3 units)
Description: Survey of basic issues in the philosophy of language such as: speech acts, reference, meaning, logical form. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: LING 563.
May be convened with: PHIL 463.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 564 -- Formal Semantics (3 units)
Description: Introduction to model-theoretic investigations of natural language interpretation, including coordination, quantification, referential relations, tense, aspect and modality.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: LING 564; LING is home department.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 565 -- Pragmatics (3 units)
Description: Study of language use, its relationship to language structure and context; topics such as speech acts, presupposition, implication, performatives, conversations Graduate-level requirements include a greater number of assignments and a higher level of performance.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: LING 565.
May be convened with: PHIL 465.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 567 -- Early Analytic Philosophy (3 units)
Description: The 50 year rise of analytic philosophy from Frege through early Russell to Wittgenstein's Tractatus. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 467.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 570 -- Greek Philosophy (3 units)
Description: Topics in Greek philosophy. May be selected from the pre-Socratics, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and post-Aristotelian philosophy. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 3 times (maximum 4 enrollments).
Identical to: CLAS 570.
May be convened with: PHIL 470.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 571A -- Rationalism and Empiricism (3 units)
Description: Rationalists of the 17th and 18th centuries: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Kant. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 471A.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 571B -- Rationalism and Empiricism (3 units)
Description: Empiricists of the 17th and 18th centuries: Locke, Berkeley, Hume. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be convened with: PHIL 471B.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 572A -- Ancient Philosophy (3 units)
Description: A philosophical introduction to the major works of Plato. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Identical to: CLAS 572A.
May be convened with: PHIL 472A.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 572B -- Ancient Philosophy (3 units)
Description: A philosophical introduction to the major works of Aristotle. Graduate-level requirements include an in-depth research paper on a central theme or topic of the course.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Identical to: CLAS 572B.
May be convened with: PHIL 472B.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 593L -- Legislative Internship (1-9 units)
Description: Working experience at the Arizona State Legislature; responsibilities draw upon student's area of major expertise and include preparing written and oral reports, summarizing legislative proposals, and providing information to legislators and legislative committees.
Grading: Regular grades are awarded for this course: A B C D E.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 595B -- Cognitive Science Colloquium (1 unit)
Description: The exchange of scholarly information and/or secondary research, usually in a small group setting. Instruction often includes lectures by several different persons. Research projects may or may not be required of course registrants. The focus of this class will be on topics from the interdisciplinary study of Cognitive Science.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 5 times (maximum 6 enrollments).
Identical to: LING 595B; LING is home department.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596A -- Ethics (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596B -- Metaphysics (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596C -- Epistemology (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596D -- Topics in Linguistics and Philosophy (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants on topics of current interest to both linguistics and philosophers, with a focus on the study of meaning. Course will consist of the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s): A graduate level class in either linguistics or philosophy.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Identical to: LING 596D; LING is home department.
Usually offered: Spring.
PHIL 596E -- Aesthetics (3 units)
Description: Topics include the nature, knowledge and experience of aesthetic objects, norms and values; artistic representation; and aesthetic judgment.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 1 time (maximum 2 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596F -- Social and Political Philosophy (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596H -- Philosophy of Physical Science (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Identical to: PHYS 596H.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596K -- Philosophy of Mind (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596L -- Philosophy of Language (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596P -- History of Philosophy: Ancient (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596Q -- History of Philosophy: Recent (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596S -- Philosophy of Mathematics (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 596V -- Philosophy and Cognitive Science (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for credit 2 times (maximum 3 enrollments).
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596Y -- Research and Professionalization Seminar (3 units)
Description: Research and Professionalization Seminar (3 credits). A non-lecture course for advanced Doctoral students in philosophy. Students will present their dissertation research in progress and participate in weekly discussions of the work of fellow students. Aspects of professionalization also will be discussed-e.g., vita preparation, job search, getting tenure.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Prerequisite(s): consent of the director of graduate studies in philosophy.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 596Z -- Seminar in Philosophy (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
Usually offered: Fall.
PHIL 599 -- Independent Study (1-4 units)
Description: Qualified students working on an individual basis with professors who have agreed to supervise such work. Graduate students doing independent work which cannot be classified as actual research will register for credit under course number 599, 699, or 799.
Grading: Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E.
May be repeated: an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring, Summer.
PHIL 696A -- Advanced Topics in AI (1 unit)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers. The topics discussed will be coordinated with current research in artificial intelligence laboratories. At most 3 units applicable to major for the Ph.D. in Philosophy.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for a total of 6 units of credit.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring, Summer.
PHIL 696E -- Master Seminar in Cognitive Science (3 units)
Description: The development and exchange of scholarly information, usually in a small group setting. The scope of work shall consist of research by course registrants, with the exchange of the results of such research through discussion, reports, and/or papers. Discussion will be lead by local, national, and international experts in the fields that compose Cognitive Science.
Grading: Regular or alternative grades can be awarded for this course: A B C D E or S P C D E.
May be repeated: for a total of 15 units of credit.
Identical to: LING 696E; LING is home department.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring.
PHIL 900 -- Research (1-4 units)
Description: Individual research, not related to thesis or dissertation preparation, by graduate students.
Grading: Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P C D E K.
May be repeated: an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring, Summer.
PHIL 910 -- Thesis (1-4 units)
Description: Research for the master's thesis (whether library research, laboratory or field observation or research, artistic creation, or thesis writing). Maximum total credit permitted varies with the major department.
Grading: Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
May be repeated: an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring, Summer.
PHIL 920 -- Dissertation (1-9 units)
Description: Research for the doctoral dissertation (whether library research, laboratory or field observation or research, artistic creation, or dissertation writing).
Grading: Alternative grades are awarded for this course: S P E K.
May be repeated: an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring, Summer.
PHIL 930 -- Supplementary Registration (1-9 units)
Description: For students who have completed all course requirements for their advanced degree programs. May be used concurrently with other enrollments to bring to total number of units to the required minimum.
Grading: a Grade of K is awarded for this course except for the final term.
May be repeated: an unlimited number of times, consult your department for details and possible restrictions.
Usually offered: Fall, Spring, Summer.